The considerable advances in biotechnology, microengineering, microfluidics, informatics, computing power and their multidisciplinary cooperation, have allowed the development of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), inaccessible only a few years ago. Although this is a relatively new [...]

Human-based research covers a wide range of innovative methodologies and biotechnology or New Methodological Approaches (NAM), relevant to humans as they use advanced current knowledge on human biology, to study diseases and develop safe and [...]

In the field of modern toxicology, a progressive paradigm shift has long taken place: in the last twenty years there has been a transition from a research mainly based on animal models, to animal-free methods, [...]